Essay 2 Final Copy

        Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals are very different styles of architecture. Romanesque cathedrals and Gothic cathedrals expressed different understandings about religious theology. Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals did not express anything about religious theology.

        Romanesque Cathedrals expressed the fortitude of the Christian Religion. Their Cathedrals were designed as places as worship but were also almost like castles. If there were a state of emergency they could easily gather in the Cathedral and be defended. The walls of these Cathedrals were thick and made of stone so that they could withstand battery by fire and other attacks (figure 1). The cathedrals also had towers sits bells that could be rung but were also equipped with slits for archers (figure 2). These cathedrals were heavily protected because they were built in a time of war.

        Gothic Cathedrals were more arty. They were designed to "let the light in". They had big glass windows and the walls were not as thick (figure 4). They were very big as well but do not look as strong as many of the Roman Cathedrals.They had glass windows on all sides. That made the walls very thin and could easily be destroyed if someone tried too. These cathedrals were built at a time of peace and there was not need for the cathedrals to be able to withstand an attack.

          Romanesque Cathedrals floor plans are a lot less complicated (figure 5). They are designed like a cross but there are not many entrances or windows and would be easy to hold of attackers. A Gothic cathedral's floor plan (figure 6) is a lot more complex. There are windows everywhere and if someone was attempting to break in it would be a lot easier than trying to break into an old Romanesque Cathedral.

          Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals express many diffrent understandings of religious theology. Romanesque cathedrals are built for more safety and less artistic appeal because they were constructed in times of war. Gothic cathedrals have a lot of architecture and even though are not very defensive looking they did not have to be because they were not constructed while wars were raging.

Picture Bibliography

(figure one) Cathedral of Salmanca, facade, 11th century Shttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cathedral_of_Salamanca_Romanesque.jpg/750px-Cathedral_of_Salamanca_Romanesque.jpg, 15 October, 2006 

(figure two) San Zeno, facade, 13th century http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/San_Zeno1.JPG/800px-San_Zeno1.JPG, 21 january 2006

(figure three) Rose Window, Inside, 13th century, http://www.visitingdc.com/images/rose-window.jpg, 13 June, 2000

(figure four) Gothic Cathedral, facade, 14th century http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/P-Gothic-cathedral.png, 9 june 2009

(figure five) Situacio catedral romanica, floorplan, 14th century
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Situaci%C3%B3_catedral_rom%C3%A0nica_Barcelona.png/567px-Situaci%C3%B3_catedral_rom%C3%A0nica_Barcelona.png, 30 october 2007

(figure six) Gothic Cathedral Parts, overview, 12th centuryhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gothic-Cathedral-parts002.jpg/517px-Gothic-Cathedral-parts002.jpg, 7 February 2010

Essay 2 rough draft

        Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals are very different styles of architecture. This is because these Cathedrals were built  Romanesque cathedrals and Gothic cathedrals expressed different understandings about religious theology. Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals did not express anything about religious theology.
        Romanesque Cathedrals expressed the fortitude of the Christian Religion. Their Cathedrals were designed as places as worship but were also almost like castles. If there were a state of emergency they could easily gather in the Cathedral and be defended. The cathedrals also had towers sits bells that could be rung but were also equipped with slits for archers (figure 2). These cathedrals were heavily protected because they were built in a time of war.
        Gothic Cathedrals were more arty. They were designed to "let the light in". They had big glass windows and the walls were not as thick (figure 4). They were very big as well but do not look as strong as many of the Roman Cathedrals. These cathedrals were built at a time of peace and there was not need for the cathedrals to be able to withstand an attack.
          Romanesque Cathedrals floor plans are a lot less complicated (figure 5). They are designed like a cross but there are not many entrances or windows and would be easy to hold of attackers. A Gothic cathedral's floor plan (figure 6) is a lot more complex. There are windows everywhere and if someone was attempting to break in it would be a lot easier than trying to break into an old Romanesque Cathedral.
          Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals express many diffrent understandings of religious theology. Romanesque cathedrals are built for more safety and less artistic appeal because they were constructed in times of war. Gothic cathedrals have a lot of architecture and even though are not very defensive looking they did not have to be because they were not constructed while wars were raging.

Picture Bibliography


(figure one) http://farm1.static.flickr.com/198/513475855_f678b4ccf1.jpg
(figure two) http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/tupungato tupungato1002/tupungato100200149/6388945-romanesque-bell-tower-of-prato-cathedral-tuscany-italy.jpg
(figure three) http://jcolen.com/GothicCathedralKoln1.jpg
(figure four) http://www.visitingdc.com/images/rose-window.jpg
(figure five) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkEv9z5mYldzOfNABlNhgRzNRyGphPPl4somQrhWm0 661Z Ky8u&t=19
(figure six) http//www.thephylaxis.org/Images/williams/cathedral%20floor%20plan.
bmp

Essay 1 Final Draft

         The roman empire was one of if not the greatest empire of all time. It had conquered almost all of the know world back during its time. However soon the empire started to do very badly. The Roman empire experienced many political and military problems which resulted in the fall of the Roman Empire. The roman empire evolved from its disaster into a new different type of empire during the end of its time.

        The great Roman empire had slowly started to decline. "This slow decline occurred over a period of approximately 320 years, culminating on September 4, 476, when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain. " (Wikipedia). This shows that the empire did slowly fall. It considers the main point of its collapse was the roman emperor Romulus Augustus was killed by a Germanic chief. This was considered the final collapsing point for the roman empire. They could never recover after that loss.

        The Roman empire fell due to many different factors. "There are adherents to single factors, but more people think a combination of such factors as Christianity, decadence, lead, monetary trouble, and military problems caused the Fall of Rome" (Gill, N.S.). This means that the empire fell due to a lot of small things put together. Such small problems such as these together completely undermined the Roman Empire. Especially their military problems since they could no longer defend themselves. There was no way they could defend all of their territories when they had little military power and whatever they conquered just got retaken over.

       The main reason the Roman Empire fell were, "military overreach, invasion by emboldened tribes of Huns and Visigoths from northern and central Europe, inflation, corruption and political incompetence." (Squires, Nick). This explains how another contributing factor to the fall was political incompetence. The romans were unable to govern all of their land after they conquered it from various regions. Once an opposing force came in to reconquer the land there was nothing they could do about it. The romans lost all of their land as easily as they had conquered it.

        The Roman empire experienced many political and military problems which resulted in the fall of the Roman Empire. There were many small things that went wrong with the roman empire from political insecurities, lack of wealth, there were many wars going on within the empire, and corruption amongst their leaders. The Roman empire declined and fell, transforming from one of the most large and strongest empires to one of the weakest.

Works cited in APA Format

Decline of the Roman Empire." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Apr.-May 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire>.

Gill, N.s. "Fall of Rome - Why Did Rome Fall." Ancient / Classical History - Ancient Greece & Rome & Classics Research Guide. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/romefallarticles/a/fallofrome.htm>.

Squires, Nick. "What Led to the Fall of the Roman Empire? - Telegraph." Telegraph.co.uk - Telegraph Online, Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph - Telegraph. Apr.-May 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/8438599/What-led-to-the-fall-of-the-Roman-Empire.html>.

Essay 1 rough draft

Question: Did the Roman Empire 'decline and fall' or did it evolve into something new?

           The roman empire was one of if not the greatest empire of all time. It had conquered almost all of the know world back during its time. However soon the empire started to do very badly. The roman empire experience many problems and fell. Another commonly debate theory, however, is that the roman empire did not fall but just transformed into something else.

        The great Roman empire had slowly started to decline. "This slow decline occurred over a period of approximately 320 years, culminating on September 4, 476, when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain. " (Wikipedia). This shows that the empire did slowly fall. It considers the main point of its collapse was the roman emperor Romulus Augustus was killed by a Germanic chief. This was considered the final collapsing point for the roman empire. They could never recover after that loss.

        The Roman empire fell due to many different factors. "There are adherents to single factors, but more people think a combination of such factors as Christianity, decadence, lead, monetary trouble, and military problems caused the Fall of Rome" (Gill, N.S.). This means that the empire fell due to a lot of small things put together. Such small problems such as these together completely undermined the Roman Empire. Especially their military problems since they could no longer defend themselves. There was no way they could defend all of their territories when they had little military power and whatever they conquered just got retaken over.

       The main reason the Roman Empire fell were, "military overreach, invasion by emboldened tribes of Huns and Visigoths from northern and central Europe, inflation, corruption and political incompetence." (Squires, Nick). This explains how another contributing factor to the fall was political incompetence. The romans were unable to govern all of their land after they conquered it from various regions. Once an opposing force came in to reconquer the land there was nothing they could do about it. The romans lost all of their land as easily as they had conquered it.

       The roman empire fell, however others believe that it did not fall but actually just became something else. There were many small things that went wrong with the roman empire from political insecurities to lack of an army to defend its territory the roman empire was easily re taken from the people who had lost their land and the empire itself simply fell.

Works cited in APA Format

Decline of the Roman Empire." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Apr.-May 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire>.

Gill, N.s. "Fall of Rome - Why Did Rome Fall." Ancient / Classical History - Ancient Greece & Rome & Classics Research Guide. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/romefallarticles/a/fallofrome.htm>.

Squires, Nick. "What Led to the Fall of the Roman Empire? - Telegraph." Telegraph.co.uk - Telegraph Online, Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph - Telegraph. Apr.-May 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/8438599/What-led-to-the-fall-of-the-Roman-Empire.html>.

Eleven-Point Critique (for peer reviews and grading of final drafts)

1. 5 paragraphs -- 5 to 7 sentences per paragraph.

2 Clear, coherent thesis statement expressing an opinion to be argued in the paper.

3. One quote or piece of sourcable evidence properly cited in APA format per body paragraph / proper in-text citation format

(author, date). APA format bibliography at end of paper. Use top-notch sources (BBC, Met Museum, Nat Geo, Internet History

Sourcebook, school-library based databases, etc.)

4. Four sentences per body paragraph analysis. This is your own analysis demonstrating how the evidence supports your thesis.

5. Solid conclusion demonstrating the validity of the argument.

6. Emphasis: Put strongest evidence in the fourth paragraph.

7. No 1st or 2nd person personal pronouns (I, we, us, me, my, myself, you, etc.)

8. Academic Tone: No slang, no contractions, make it coherent and readable.

9. Avoid generalizations -- give specific information; I'm not looking for you to write an "encyclopedia" article. I'm looking for

your ability to construct an academic argument.

10. Avoid unnecessary information: "more" quotes doesn't mean a "better" paper.

11. Original and honest writing voice and a creative and remarkable take on the subject.

Stoicism Essay

      Seneca was a very close friend of Nero and Nero trusted him. Seneca showed great Stoicism even when he knew he was going to die. Stoicism is the ability to endure pain and hardship while retaining the ability to control one’s emotions. The death of sennaca is a good example of this.

           One of the last quotes that is a good example of this is. "Worn out by cruel anguish, afraid too that his sufferings might break his wife's spirit, and that, as he looked on her tortures, he might himself sink into irresolution, he persuaded her to retire into another chamber." (Tacitus). This showed that Seneca was tiering and he asked if he could die in another room. He did not want his wife to see him die. He acted like he was fine and was ready to accept death. This was very Stoic of him. 

      Another quote is, "Having spoken these and like words, meant, so to say, for all, he embraced his wife; then softening awhile from the stern resolution of the hour, he begged and implored her to spare herself the burden of perpetual sorrow, and, in the contemplation of a life virtuously spent, to endure a husband's loss with honourable consolations." (Tacitus). This shows that he was very Stoic as well. He also shows that he did not want his family to be sad either. He told them to be stoic. He told her to not be sorry. He showed a moment of weakness when he embraced her but he did not want her to mourn over him.

  One quote that demonstrates this is "Seneca, quite unmoved, asked for tablets on which to inscribe his will, and, on the centurion's refusal, turned to his friends, protesting that as he was forbidden to requite them, he bequeathed to them the only, but still the noblest possession yet remaining to him, the pattern of his life, which, if they remembered, they would win a name for moral worth and steadfast friendship” (Tacitus). This quote shows you how strong Seneca is even when he knows he is going to die. Seneca did not one the people around him to know that he was scared of death. He kept his composure and didn't show any change at all. This is a very good example of somebody being Stoic. 

       These quotes demonstrate how the death of Seneca was very stoic. Seneca showed a side of himself that was very noble and Stoic. Seneca bottled up all of his feelings and didnn't show any emotion at all. He just accepeted his punishment and moved on. Seneca accepted his punishment and did not yell out or disagree. Most people would be terrefied when faced with death. Seneca is a great example of stoicism. 

 Work Cited in APA Format

Tacitus, (1998). In Tacitus: The Death of Seneca, 65 CE. Retrieved Apr. 4, 2011, from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tacitus-ann15a.html 

Week 6 Daily 1

Read Tacitus' description of the Death of Seneca and Book One of M. Aurelius' Meditations. Find quotes within those two texts that help explain what Stoicism is all about.


"Seneca, quite unmoved, asked for tablets on which to inscribe his will, and, on the centurion's refusal, turned to his friends, protesting that as he was forbidden to requite them, he bequeathed to them the only, but still the noblest possession yet remaining to him, the pattern of his life, which, if they remembered, they would win a name for moral worth and steadfast friendship. At the same time he called them back from their tears to manly resolution, now with friendly talk, and now with the sterner language of rebuke. 'Where,' he asked again and again, "are your maxims of philosophy, or the preparation of so many years' study against evils to come? Who knew not Nero's cruelty? After a mother's and a brother's murder, nothing remains but to add the destruction of a guardian and a tutor.'"

"Having spoken these and like words, meant, so to say, for all, he embraced his wife; then softening awhile from the stern resolution of the hour, he begged and implored her to spare herself the burden of perpetual sorrow, and, in the contemplation of a life virtuously spent, to endure a husband's loss with honourable consolations. She declared, in answer, that she too had decided to die, and claimed for herself the blow of the executioner. There upon Seneca, not to thwart her noble ambition . . ."

"Nero meanwhile, having no personal hatred against Paulina and not wishing to heighten the odium of his cruelty, forbade her death. At the soldiers' prompting, her slaves and freedmen bound up her arms, and stanched the bleeding, whether with her knowledge is doubtful."

"Worn out by cruel anguish, afraid too that his sufferings might break his wife's spirit, and that, as he looked on her tortures, he might himself sink into irresolution, he persuaded her to retire into another chamber."


Sources:
Bunson, Matthew, A Dictionary of the Roman Empirepage 382
Fitch, John (2008). Seneca. City: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 32